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Of the 30 included studies, only nine examined the sex, socio-economic, and/or ethnic determinants of the pathways to care of patients with FEP (Table 1). Some studies tiffany key ring explored other determinants of the pathway to care. However, these are beyond the scope of this review given our stated objective and the limited number of studies available.

Seven studies explored sex as a determinant of the care pathway (Table 1), and three found no association (Cole et al. 1995; Cougnard et al. 2004 b ; Kohn et al. 2004). A Canadian tiffany money clip found that males were nearly five times more likely to make first contact with the emergency department (Archie et al. 2009), and a British study found that males were less likely to be admitted by a general practitioner (Morgan et al. 2005 b ). A study from South Africa found that males were more likely to be admitted involuntarily (Temmingh & Oosthuizen, 2008). Two British studies found evidence that sex may act as an effect modifier in the relationship between ethnicity and compulsory admission; however, the findings were conflicting, with one finding ethnic differences for tiffany necklace only (Morgan et al. 2005 b ) and the other finding ethnic differences only for females (Harrison et al. 1989).

Several socio-economic indicators were examined as determinants of the pathway to care in six studies (Table 1). Five studies found no evidence that socio-economic factors are predictive of the care pathway (Cole et al. 1995; Burnett et al. 1999; Cougnard et al. 2004 b ; Morgan et al. 2005 b ; Archie et al. 2009). Findings from a tiffany pendant study suggest that patients with semi-skilled or no vocational training were more likely to make first contact with police (Kohn et al. 2004).

Ethnicity as a determinant of the pathway to care was examined in seven studies (Table 1), of which three found no evidence of ethnic differences (Cole et al. 1995; Turner et al. 2006; Temmingh & Oosthuizen, 2008). Two British studies found that Afro-Caribbean patients were less likely to be referred by a general practitioner and more likely to have police involvement on their pathway to care (Burnett et al. 1999; Morgan et al. 2005 b ), and a third found longer treatment-delays for Afro-Caribbean patients (Harrison et al. 1989). A study from Canada found that Asian and patients of other ethnic tiffany ring (not including Afro-Canadian) were three to four times more likely to make first contact with emergency services than white patients (Archie et al. 2009). Lastly, three of the four studies reporting ethnic differences in the pathway to care also found evidence of differences in compulsory admissions for ethno-racial minority patients (Harrison et al. 1989; Morgan et al. 2005 b ; Archie et al. 2009).

The pathway to care and DUP